자율신경계(自律神經系, autonomic nervous system, ANS) 조절하는 꿀벌호흡 : 신경성, 스트레스성 - 자율신경의 부조화-실조(약화)
* 심리적‧정신적으로 큰 스트레스를 받고, 해소하지 못해서 적체되면 교감신경이 항진돼서 자율신경기능이상
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분류
자율신경계를 이루는 두 종류의 신경인 교감신경과 부교감신경은 서로 길항 작용을 한다.
교감신경
자율신경계를 이루는 개개의 원심성 말초신경이다. 중추는 척수의 흉요부측각에 있고, 혈관이나 내장에 들어간다. 혈압 상승, 혈관 수축, 괄약근의 수축 등을 일으킨다.
부교감신경
교감 신경과 더불어 자율 신경계를 이루는 신경으로 교감 신경이 촉진되면 억제하는 일을 하고, 신체가 흥분되면 심장의 구실을 억제하며 소화기의 작용을 촉진한다.
교감신경과 부교감신경은 서로 반대의 작용을 하는 것처럼 보이나 각각 개별적으로 작동하며 상호작용하는 것으로 이해해야 한다. 이런 자율신경 기능의 문제가 발생한 것을 자율신경실조증(autonomic dysfunction)이라고 표현한다.
*기능
교감신경
- 골격근과 폐의 혈액 흐름 증가
- 세기관지 팽창
- 심박수 및 심근세포의 수축력 증가
- 동공 및 모양체 근육 이완
- 심장의 관상혈관 확장
- 장 괄약근, 요도 괄약근 수축
- 연동운동 억제
- 성적흥분
부교감신경
- 위장 확장 및 혈류량 증가
- 세기관지 수축
- 동공 및 모양체 근육 수축
- 침샘자극, 연동운동 촉진
*질환: 자율신경실조증 Autonomic dysfunction
정신적인 스트레스나 육체적인 피로에 의해 유발되는 경우가 많다. 두통이나 현기증이 일어나거나 땀이 많이 난다거나 손을 떤다거나 배가 아파서 설사를 하는 식으로 매우 다양한 증상이 나타나며 스트레스 등에 의해 그 증상은 더 심해진다. 스트레스를 완화하고 휴식을 취함으로써 증상을 완화시킬 수 있으며 심할 경우에는 신경전달물질이나 그러한 물질에 간섭하는 약물을 이용해서 치료하기도 한다.
*** 스트레스 - ANS (autonomic nervouse system)에 영향-말초신경 및 내부조절(악셀과 브레이크)의 실패[스트레스 초기: 심장박동 상승, 간대사 및 혈당상승, 체온상승, 장운동 및 소화 안됨, 호흡가쁨, 스트레스 후기: 자율신경의 약화, 조절 안됨]
*** 꿀벌호흡
1. 편안한 자세
2. 자연스런 호흡
3. 코로 천천히 마심
4. Hum 사운드로 천천히 끝까지 내쉬기
5. 5회 반복(3번과 4번)
*** Bee breath
1. A comfortable posture
2. Natural breathing
3. Inhale slowly through your nose
4. Exhale slowly all the way to the end with a hum sound
5. Repeat 5 times (3 and 4)
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly referred to as the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the nervous system that supplies internal organs, smooth muscle and glands. The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, its force of contraction, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. Autonomic functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center), vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center), and certain reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. Those are then subdivided into other areas and are also linked to autonomic subsystems and the peripheral nervous system. The hypothalamus, just above the brain stem, acts as an integrator for autonomic functions, receiving autonomic regulatory input from the limbic system.
Although conflicting reports about its subdivisions exist in the literature, the autonomic nervous system has four branches: the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, the visceral sensory nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Some textbooks do not include the enteric nervous system as part of this system. The sympathetic nervous system is often considered the "fight or flight" system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is often considered the "rest and digest" or "feed and breed" system. In many cases, both of these systems have "opposite" actions where one system activates a physiological response and the other inhibits it. An older simplification of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems as "excitatory" and "inhibitory" was overturned due to the many exceptions found. A more modern characterization is that the sympathetic nervous system is a "quick response mobilizing system" and the parasympathetic is a "more slowly activated dampening system", but even this has exceptions, such as in sexual arousal and orgasm, wherein both play a role.[3]
There are inhibitory and excitatory synapses between neurons. A third subsystem of neurons has been named as non-noradrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitters (because they use nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter) and are integral in autonomic function, in particular in the gut and the lungs.
Although the ANS is also known as the visceral nervous system and although most of its fibers carry non-somatic information to the CNS, many authors still consider it only connected with the motor side. Most autonomous functions are involuntary but they can often work in conjunction with the somatic nervous system which provides voluntary control.
Structure
Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera.
The autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic division emerges from the spinal cord in the thoracic and lumbar areas, terminating around L2-3. The parasympathetic division has craniosacral "outflow", meaning that the neurons begin at the cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve) and sacral (S2-S4) spinal cord.
The autonomic nervous system is unique in that it requires a sequential two-neuron efferent pathway; the preganglionic neuron must first synapse onto a postganglionic neuron before innervating the target organ. The preganglionic, or first, neuron will begin at the "outflow" and will synapse at the postganglionic, or second, neuron's cell body. The postganglionic neuron will then synapse at the target organ.
Sympathetic division
Main article: Sympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system consists of cells with bodies in the lateral grey column from T1 to L2/3. These cell bodies are "GVE" (general visceral efferent) neurons and are the preganglionic neurons. There are several locations upon which preganglionic neurons can synapse for their postganglionic neurons:
Paravertebral ganglia (3) of the sympathetic chain (these run on either side of the vertebral bodies)
cervical ganglia (3)
thoracic ganglia (12) and rostral lumbar ganglia (2 or 3)
caudal lumbar ganglia and sacral ganglia
Prevertebral ganglia (celiac ganglion, aorticorenal ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion)
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla (this is the one exception to the two-neuron pathway rule: the synapse is directly efferent onto the target cell bodies)
These ganglia provide the postganglionic neurons from which innervation of target organs follows. Examples of splanchnic (visceral) nerves are:
Cervical cardiac nerves and thoracic visceral nerves, which synapse in the sympathetic chain
Thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least), which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia
Lumbar splanchnic nerves, which synapse in the prevertebral ganglia
Sacral splanchnic nerves, which synapse in the inferior hypogastric plexus
These all contain afferent (sensory) nerves as well, known as GVA (general visceral afferent) neurons.
Parasympathetic division
Main article: Parasympathetic nervous system
The parasympathetic nervous system consists of cells with bodies in one of two locations: the brainstem (Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X) or the sacral spinal cord (S2, S3, S4). These are the preganglionic neurons, which synapse with postganglionic neurons in these locations:
Parasympathetic ganglia of the head: Ciliary (Cranial nerve III), Submandibular (Cranial nerve VII), Pterygopalatine (Cranial nerve VII), and Otic (Cranial nerve IX)
In or near the wall of an organ innervated by the Vagus (Cranial nerve X) or Sacral nerves (S2, S3, S4)
These ganglia provide the postganglionic neurons from which innervations of target organs follows. Examples are:
The postganglionic parasympathetic splanchnic (visceral) nerves
The vagus nerve, which passes through the thorax and abdominal regions innervating, among other organs, the heart, lungs, liver and stomach
Sensory neurons
Main article: Sensory neuron
The sensory arm is composed of primary visceral sensory neurons found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), in cranial sensory ganglia: the geniculate, petrosal and nodose ganglia, appended respectively to cranial nerves VII, IX and X. These sensory neurons monitor the levels of carbon dioxide, oxygen and sugar in the blood, arterial pressure and the chemical composition of the stomach and gut content. They also convey the sense of taste and smell, which, unlike most functions of the ANS, is a conscious perception. Blood oxygen and carbon dioxide are in fact directly sensed by the carotid body, a small collection of chemosensors at the bifurcation of the carotid artery, innervated by the petrosal (IXth) ganglion. Primary sensory neurons project (synapse) onto "second order" visceral sensory neurons located in the medulla oblongata, forming the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS), that integrates all visceral information. The nTS also receives input from a nearby chemosensory center, the area postrema, that detects toxins in the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid and is essential for chemically induced vomiting or conditional taste aversion (the memory that ensures that an animal that has been poisoned by a food never touches it again). All this visceral sensory information constantly and unconsciously modulates the activity of the motor neurons of the ANS.
Innervation
Autonomic nerves travel to organs throughout the body. Most organs receive parasympathetic supply by the vagus nerve and sympathetic supply by splanchnic nerves. The sensory part of the latter reaches the spinal column at certain spinal segments. Pain in any internal organ is perceived as referred pain, more specifically as pain from the dermatome corresponding to the spinal segment.
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